Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are new fields in medical sciences. They are concerned with studying the molecular mechanisms by which numerous dietary chemicals affect health and can modulate the risk of developing a disease on a particular genetic site, including combinations of variations in several genes. Over the past two decades, these two disciplines have been gaining momentum, with the most results currently being obtained by examining certain genetic variations, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are a powerful molecular tool for studying the role of nutrition in human health and management of optimal diet conditions. Different nutrients and genome interact by suppressing / inducing the gene expression or by differences in the activity of receptors, enzymes, etc. involved in important metabolic pathways thus affecting the concentration of circulating substances and their metabolites, as well as the ability of nutrients to interact with individual genes. Clarification of these molecular mechanisms is essential for ad equate prophylaxis and increased treatment efficacy in a number of socially-significant diseases, such as type-2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular disease and some cancers.
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