Inflammatory joint diseases are associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, due to accelerated atherosclerosis. The aim of the current review is to discuss the modern therapeutic strategies for reduction of the cardiovascular risk in patients with inflammatory joint diseases and for improvement of their health-related quality of life.
Breda L., Di Marzio D., Nozzi M. Association between inflammatory status and intima media thickness in children with idiopathic arthritis: preliminary data. Paediatric rheumatology, 2008; 6(Suppl 1): P59.
Томов Ил., 2003, Кардиология; издателство „Знание”; том. 2; с. 200.
Mangge H., Hubmann H., Pilz S. Beyond cholesterol- inflammatory cytokines, the key mediators of atherosclerosis. Clin. Chem. Lab Med, 2004; 42 (5): 467-474.
van Leuven S., Franssen R., Kastelein J. Systemic inflamation as a risk factor for atherothrombosis. Rheumatology, 2008; 47(1): 3-7.
Sherer Y., Shoenfeld Y. Mecahnisms of Diseases: atherosclerosis in autoimmune diseases. Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, 2006; 2: 99-106.
Hallenbeck J.M., Hansson G.K., Becker K.J. Immunology of ischemic vascular disease: plaque to attack. Trends Immunol, 2005; 26 (10): 550-6.
Danesh J. et al, C- reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in prediction of coronary artery disease. N Eng J Med, 2004; 350(14): 1387-97.
Ridker P., Glynn R. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA; on behalf of the JUPITER Trial Study group. Rosuvastatin in the Prevention of Stroke Among Men and Women with Elevated Levels of CReactive Protein: the JUPITER trial. Program and abstracts of the International Stroke Conference; February 18-20, 2009; San Diego, California. Abstract 140.
Roman M.J., Salmon J.E. Cardiovascular manifestation of Rheumatologic Diseases. Circulation, 2007; 116 (20): 2346-55.
Jancin B. Carotid ultrasound study ties psoriatic arthritis to subclinical atherosclerosis. Skin & Allergy news, 2008; 700.
Тончева А., Груев И., Икономова, К., Превенция на сърдечно – съдовия риск при ревматоиден артрит и системен lupus erythematosus. Ревматология, 2008; 3-4 (16): 15-23.
Quyyumi A. Inflamed joints and Stiff arteries. Is Rheumatoid arthritis a cardiovascular risk factor? Circulation, 2006; 114 (11): 1137-39.
del Rincon I.D., Williams K., Stern M.P. High incidence of cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthtritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheum, 2001; 44 (12): 2737-45.
Shoenfeld Y., Gerli R., Doria A. Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Circulation, 2005; 112 (21): 3337-47.
Dessien P., Joffe B., Stanwix A. Inflammation, insulin resistance and aberrant lipid metabolism as cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis. The J of Rheumatology, 2003; 30(7): 1403-05.
Prior P. et al, Cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J of Rheumatology, 1984; 23: 92-99.
Wolfe, F. et al The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis- rheumatism, 1994; 37(4): 481-494.
Wolfe F., Freundlich B., Straus W. Increase in cardiovascular and cerbrovascular disease prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis. J rheumatology, 2003; 30(1): 36-40.
Douglas K.M. et al. Excess recurrent cardiac events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ann rheum Dis, 2006; 65(3): 348-353.
Navab M. et al. Role of dysfunctional HDL in atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res, 2009; 50 (Suppl. 1): 145-9.
Van Doornum S., Mc Coll G., Wicks I.P. Accelerated atherosclerosis: an extraarticular feature of rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Reumatism, 2002; 46(4): 862-873.
Solomon D.H., Karlsson E.W., Rimm E.B. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation, 2003; 107(9): 1068-69.
Kaplan J.M., McCune W.J. New evidence for vascular disease in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, 2003; 361: 1068-69.
Lawrence R.C. et al. Estimates of prevalence of arthritis and selected muscoloskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheumatism, 1998; 41(5): 778-9.
Peters M.J. et al; Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with spondyloarthropathies, particularly ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheumat, 2004; 34(3): 585-92.
Caliskan M. et al. Impaired coronary microvascular and left ventricular diastolic functions in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Atherosclerosis, 2008; 196(1): 306-12.
Kaplan M.J. Cardiometabolic risk in psoriasis: differential effects of biologic agents. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2008; 4(6): 1229–35.
Ludwig R.J. et al. Psoriasis: a possible risk factor for development of coronary artery calcification. Br J Dermatol; 2007; 156(2): 271–6.
Kaplan M.J. Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol; 2006; 18(3): 289–97.
Gelfand J.M. et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA, 2006; 296(14): 1735–41.
Gelfand J.M. et al. Prevalence and treatment of psoriasis in the United Kingdom: a population-based study. Arch Dermatol, 2005; 141(12): 1537–41.
Friedewald V.E. et al. AJC editor’s consensus: psoriasis and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol, 2008; 102(12): 1631– 43.
Sattar N., McCarey D.W., Capell H., McInnes I.B. Explaining how „high-grade” systemic inflammation accelerates vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation, 2003; 108(24): 2957– 63.
van Leuven S.I., Kastelein J.J., Stroes E.S. Systemic inflammation as a risk factor for atherothrombosis. Rheumatology, 2008; 47(1): 3-7.
Booth A.D. et al. Infliximab improves endothelial dysfunction in systemic vasculitis: a model of vascular inflammation. Circulation, 2004; 109(14): 1718–23.
Hall F.C., Dalbeth N. Disease modification and cardiovascular risk reduction: two sides of the same coin? Rheumatology, 2005; 44(12): 1473–82.
Vallance P., Collier J., Bhagat K. Infection, inflammation, and infarction: does acute endothelial dysfunction provide a link? Lancet, 1997; 349(9062): 1391–2.
El-Magadmi M. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in women. Circulation, 2004; 110(4): 399–404.
Herbrig K. et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a reduced number and impaired function of endothelial progenitor cells. Ann Rheum Dis, 2006; 65(2): 157–63.
Khovidhunkit W., Memon R.A., Feingold K.R., Grunfeld C. Infection and inflammation-induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins. J Infect Dis, 2000; 181(Suppl 3): S462–72.
Ansell B.J. et al. High-density lipoprotein function recent advances. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005; 46(10): 1792–8.
Levi M., van der Poll T., Buller H.R. Bidirectional relation between inflammation. and coagulation. Circulation, 2004; 109(22): 2698–704.
Massberg S. et al. A critical role of platelet adhesion in the initiation of atherosclerotic lesion formation. J Exp Med, 2002; 196(7): 887–96.
Huo Y. et al. Circulating activated platelets exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Nat Med, 2003; 9(1): 61-7.
Freedman J.E., Loscalzo J. Platelet-monocyte aggregates: bridging thrombosis and inflammation. Circulation, 2002; 105(18): 2130–2.
Grisar J. et al. Depletion of endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation, 2005; 111(2): 204–11.
Gabriel S.E., Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Am J Med, 2008; 121(10 Suppl 1); S9- 14.
Krishnan E., Lingala V., Singh B. Declines in mortality from acute myocardial infarction in successive incidence and birth cohorts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation, 2004; 110(13): 1774-79.
Choi H. K. et al. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet, 2002; 359:1173-77.
Landewe R. et al. Methotrexate effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with cardiovascular comorbidity. Lancet, 2000; 355(9215): 1616-17.
Kitas G.D., Erb N. Tackling ischemic heart disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2003; 42(5): 607-13.
Raftery G.M., Armstrong D.J. Non solum… sed etiam: added cardiac benefits from TNF α blockade in rheumatoid arthritis. J R Coll Physicians Edinb, 2008; 38: 108-11.
Dessein P. et al. Glucocorticoids and insulin sensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatology, 2004, 31(5): 867- 74.
Del Rincon I. et al. Effect of glucocorticoids on the arteries in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum, 2004, 50(12): 3813-22.
Kearney P.M. et al. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ, 2006; 332(7553): 1302-8.
Балкански С., Пейкова Л., Григоров Е., Гетов И. Преглед на употребата на ниски дози ацетилсалицилова киселина като антитромботична терапия, Сърдечно-съдови заболявания, 2014; 45(3): 3-9.
Downs J.R., et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/ TexCAPS. JAMA, 1998; 279(20): 1625-32.
Kobashigawa J.A. et al. Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N Eng J Med, 1995; 333(10): 621-27.
McCarey D.W., Sattar N. and McInnes I. Do the pleiotropic effects of statins in the vasculature predict a role in inflammatory diseases? Arthritis Res Ther, 2005; 7(2): 55-61.
Weitz- Schmidt G. et al. Statins selectively inhibit leukocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatory integrin site. Nature Medicine, 2001; 7(6): 687-92.
Leung B P. et al A novel anti-inflammatory role of simvastatin in inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol, 2003; 170(3): 1524-30.
McCarey D.W. et al. Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis / TARA/; a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. Lancet, 2004; 363(9426): 2015-21.
Elanghbam C.S., Tyler R.D., Lighfoot R.M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in atherosclerosis and inflammation—an update. Toxicol Pathol, 2001; 29(2): 224- 31.
Okamoto H. et al. nhibition of NK-κB signaling by fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α ligand, presents a therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 2005; 23(3): 323-30.
Simopoulos A. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and autoimmune Diseases. J Am Coll Nutr, 2002; 21(6): 495-505.
Dawczynski C. et al. Long-Term Moderate Intervention with n-3 LC-PUFA-supplemented dairy products: effects on pathophysiological biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Nutr, 2009; 101(10): 1517-26.
Powell J.S. et al. Inhibitors of angiotensin – converting enzyme prevent myointimal proliferation after vascular injury. Science, 1989; 245(4914): 186-8.
Goto M., Fujisawa M., Yamada A. Spontaneous release of angiotensin converting enzyme and interleukin 1 beta from peripheral blood monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis under a serum free condition. Ann Rheum Dis, 1990; 49(3): 172–6.
Lewis E.J. et al The effect of angiotensin – converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative study group. N Engl J Med, 1993, 329(20): 1456-62.
Dalbeth N., Edwards J., Fairchild S. The non-thiol angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril suppresses inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology, 2005; 44(1): 24-31.
Perry M. E., Chee M. M., Ferrell W. R. Angiotensin receptor blockers reduce erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2008; 67(11): 1646-7.
Tan H.W. et al. Felodipine attenuates vascular inflammation in a fructose-induced rat model of metabolic syndrome via the inhibition of NF- kappaB activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2008; 29(9): 1051–59.
Libby P., Aikawa M. Stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques: new mechanisms and clinical targets. Nat Med, 2002; 8(11): 1257-62.
Jonasson L., Holm J., Hansson G.K. Cyclosporin A inhibits smooth muscle proliferation in the vascular response to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1988; 85(7): 2303-6.
Peters M.J. et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2010; 69(13): 325–31.
Collins G.S. et al, Predicting the 10 year risk of cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom: independent and external validation of an updated version of QRISK2. BMJ, 2012; 344:e4181
Piepoli M.F. et. al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J, 2016; 37(29): 2315-81
Vankova D. Conceptual and Methodological Approaches to Quality of Life- a public health perspective. Scripta Scientifica Salutis Publicae, 2016. 1(2): 7-13.
Vankova D., Mancheva, P. Quality of Life of Individuals with Disabilities. Concepts and Concerns. Scripta Scientifica Salutis Publicae, 2015; 1(1): 21-28.
Насева Е., Братованова С., Стойчева М., Гърдева М. Качество на живота, свързано със здравето – сравнение на методиките за изчисляване на индекса EQ-5D. Обща медицина, 2014; 16(3): 3-8.
Naseva E., Gardeva M., Shtereva D., Yordanova S. Health and social characteristics of medical group practices’ patients in Yambol region (Bulgaria). Journal of International Scientific Publications: Economy&Business, 2015; 9: 601-11.
Email this article (Login required) 
