The ideal material for filling the root canal system should have a number of qualities. It should hermetically obturate the root canal, be adhesive to the dentin, be insoluble in the tissue fluids, expand during fixation and be stable after that, and be non-absorbable over time. Another important requirement for root-filling agents is to have good antimicrobial activity and to be radioactive. They must be easy to use and work with. Materials designed to fill the root canal system, especially when used for retrograde filling, come in direct contact with the periodontal tissues. They must be biocompatible and non-toxic to surrounding tissues. The root canal filling materials used in endodontics are: amalgam, composite, zinc oxide eugenol cement, glass-ionomer cement, calcium hydroxide sealer and epoxy resin-based sealer. None of them has been able to meet all the conditions of the ideal material.
Due to the high requirements and disadvantages of the already existing materials, the bioceramic sealers were introduced.
Bioceramic substances are ceramic materials specifically designed for medical and dental use. Such are aluminum, zirconium, bioactive glass, glass ceramics, hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphates. Bioceramic sealers are defined as bioactive or bioinert depending on their interaction with surrounding tissues.
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