Multiple sclerosis (MS) often presents with accompanying diseases. Thyroid gland pathology is not a rare finding in MS patients. Among a hospital cohort of 305 MS patients, 16 females with five thyroid gland diseases were diagnosed during a 14-year period. There were six cases of diffuse goiter, four of postoperative hypothyroidism, three of thyroid adenoma, two of autoimmune thyroiditis, and one of hyperthyroidism. Age characteristics of the patients varied for the specific diseases. We emphasize the need for regular monitoring of the thyroid function in MS patients.
Baker, H.W.G., Balla, J.I., Burger, H.G., Ebeling, P. and Mackay, I.R., Multiple sclerosis and autoimmune diseases. Aust NZ J Med, 2: 256-260, 1972.
Seyfert, S., Klapps, P., Meisel, C., Fischer, T. and Junghan, U., Multiple sclerosis and other immunologic diseases. Acta Neurol Scand, 81: 37-42, 1990.
Marrie, R.A., Yu, B.N., Leung, S., Elliott, L., Warren, S., Wolfson, C., Tremlett, H., Fisk, J. and Blanchard, J., The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disease do not differ in the multiple sclerosis and general populations: a validation study using administrative data. Neuroepidemiology, 39: 135-142, 2012.
Sloka, J.S., Phillips, P.W., Stefanelli, M. and Joyce, C., Co-occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease in a multiple sclerosis cohort. J Autoimmune Dis, 2: 9, 2005 Nov 9.
Kreisler, A., de Seze, J., Stojkovic, T., Delisse, B., Combelles, M., Vérier, A., Hautecoeur, P. and Vermersch, P.; Groupe septentrional d'étude et de recherche sur la Sclérose en Plaques (G-SEP), Multiple sclerosis, interferon beta and clinical thyroid dysfunction. Acta Neurol Scand, 107: 154-157, 2003.
Rotondi, M., Stufano, F., Lagonigro, M.S., La Manna, L., Zerbini, F., Ghilotti, S., Pagliari, M. T., Coperchini, F., Magri, F., Bergamaschi, R., Oliviero, A. and Chiovato, L., Interferon-β but not glatiramer acetate stimulates CXCL10 secretion in primary cultures of thyrocytes: a clue for understanding the different risks of thyroid dysfunctions in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with either of the two drugs. J Neuroimmunol, 234: 161-264, 2011.
Aranha, A.A., Amer, S., Reda, E.S., Broadley, S.A. and Davoren, P.M., Autoimmune thyroid disease in the use of alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis: a review. Endocr Pract, 19: 821-828, 2013.
Munteis, E., Cano, J.F., Flores, J.A., Martinez-Rodriguez, J.E., Miret, M. and Roquer, J., Prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disorders in a Spanish multiple sclerosis cohort. Eur J Neurol, 14: 1048-1052, 2007.
Petek-Balci, B., Yayla, V. and Ozer, F., Multiple sclerosis and Hashimoto thyroiditis: two cases. Neurologist, 11: 301-304, 2005.
Caraccio, N., Dardano, A., Manfredonia, F., Manca, L., Pasquali, L., Iudice, A., Murri, L., Ferrannini, E. and Monzani, F., Long-term follow-up of 106 multiple sclerosis patients undergoing interferon-beta 1a or 1b therapy: predictive factors of thyroid disease development and duration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90: 4133-4137, 2005.
Barcellos, L.F., Kamdar, B.B., Ramsay, P.P., DeLoa, C., Lincoln, R.R., Caillier, S., Schmidt, S., Haines, J.L., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Oksenberg, J.R. and Hauser, S.L., Clustering of autoimmune diseases in families with a high-risk for multiple sclerosis: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol, 5: 924-931, 2006.
Niederwieser, G., Buchinger, W., Bonelli, R.M., Berghold, A., Reisecker, F., Költringer, P. and Archelos, J.J., Prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis and non-immune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol, 250: 672-675, 2003.
Rotondi, M., Mazziotti, G., Biondi, B., Manganella, G., Del Buono, A.D., Montella, P., di Cristofaro, M., Di Iorio, G., Amato, G. and Carella, C., Long-term treatment with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis and occurrence of Graves' disease. J Endocrinol Invest, 23: 321-324, 2000.
Schwid, S.R., Goodman, A.D. and Mattson, D.H., Autoimmune hyperthyroidism in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1b. Arch Neurol, 54: 1169-1190, 1997.
Jalkanen, A., Saraste, M., Gfeller, A., Surcel, H.M. and Airas, L., Increased thyroid autoimmunity among women with multiple sclerosis in the postpartum setting. Mult Scler, 19: 1734-1742, 2013.
Alviggi, C., Carrieri, P.B., Pivonello, R., Scarano, V., Pezzella, M., De Placido, G., Colao, A. and Matarese, G., Association of pelvic endometriosis with alopecia universalis, autoimmune thyroiditis and multiple sclerosis. J Endocrinol Invest, 29, 182-189, 2006.
Email this article (Login required) 
