Saliva is a noninvasive and accessible biofluid that permits early detection of oral and systemic diseases. Changes in saliva reflect the alterations in the blood and thus making saliva a suitable diagnostic tool. The use of saliva has many advantages, including simple and non-invasive sampling and easy, low-cost storage.
Today salivary diagnostics is a promising tool for diagnostic processes and clinical monitoring. Saliva is used to detect illicit drugs, alcohol, to measure hormone levels, and in the diagnosis of wide range systemic diseases such as cardiovascular, infectious, renal, endocrine diseases, some types of cancer as well as nonsystemic oral diseases.
The current review presents a critical overview of saliva as a promising tool for the development of valuable salivary biomarkers, their relevance to the prognosis, diagnosis and management of systemic and oral diseases. Development of point-of-care testing based on saliva samples as a screening tool will also support the diagnostic process in near future.
Greabu M, Battino M, Mohora M, Totan A, Didilescu A, Spinu T, et al. Saliva-a diagnostic window to the body, both in health and in disease. J Med Life. 2009;2(2):124-32.
Lima DP, Diniz DG, Moimaz SA, Sumida DH, Okamoto AC. Saliva: reflection of the body. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14(3):e184-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.04.022.
Chiappin S, Antonelli G, Gatti R, De Palo EF. Saliva specimen: a new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;383(1-2):30-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.04.011
Martí-Álamo S, Mancheño-Franch A, Marzal-Gamarra C, Carlos-Fabuel L. Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Literature review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2012;4(4):e237-43. doi: 10.4317/jced.50865.
Yamuna P, Muthu P. Methods of collection of saliva - a review. Int J Oral Health Dentistry. 2017;3(3):149-53. doi:10.18231/2395-499X.2017.0032.
Arunkumar S, Arunkumar JS, Burde KN, Shakunthala GK. Developments in diagnostic applications of saliva in oral and systemic diseases- A comprehensive review. J Sci Innov Res.2014; 3(3):372-87.
Meenu S, Sayanti S, Mayank B, Pragzna Y, Dharmadev B. Non-invasive diagnostic tool for pathological conditions: salivary biomarkers. Int J Pharm Biol Arch. 2014; 5(3): 1 - 12
Malathi N, Mythili S, Vasanthi HR. Salivary diagnostics: A brief review. ISRN Dentistry. 2014;2014:158786.
Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection: a molecular approach .Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19(1):63-79. doi: 10.1128/CMR.19.1.63-79.2006.
Hermida M, Ferreiro MC, Barral S, Laredo R, Castro A, Diz Dios P. Detection of HCV RNA in saliva of patients with hepatitis C virus infection by using a highly sensitive test. J Virol Methods. 2002;101(1-2):29-35.
Streckfus C, Bigler L. The use of soluble, salivary c-erbB-2 for the detection and post-operative follow-up of breast cancer in women: the results of a five-year translational research study. Adv Dent Res. 2005;18(1):17-24. doi: 10.1177/154407370501800105.
Majid S, Shafi M. Saliva as a diagnostic tool: a review. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci (IOSR-JPBS). 2014;9(1):9-14.
Mittal S, Bansal V, Garg S, Atreja G, Bansal S.The diagnostic role of saliva - a review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2011;3(4):e314-20. doi:10.4317/jced.3.e314.
Chianeh YR, Prabhu K. Biochemical markers in saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014; 4(1):33-40. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60412-6.
Wu CC, Chang YT, Chang KP, Liu YL, Liu HP, Lee IL, et al. Salivary auto-antibodies as noninvasive diagnostic markers of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(8):1569-78. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1269.
Lakshmi KR, Nelakurthi H, Kumar AS, Rudraraju A. Oral fluid-based biosensors: A novel method for rapid and noninvasive diagnosis. Indian J Dent Sci. 2017;9(1):60-6. doi: 10.4103/IJDS.IJDS_6_17.
Miller CS, Foley JD, Bailey AL, Campell CL, Humphries RL, Christodoulides N, et al. Current developments in salivary diagnostics. Biomark Med. 2010;4(1):171-89.
Adam DJ, Milne AA, Evans SM, Roulston JE, Lee AJ, Ruckley CV, et al. Serum amylase isoenzymes in patients undergoing operation for ruptured and non-ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 1999;30(2):229-35.
Walt DR, Blicharz TM, Hayman RB, Rissin DM, Bowden M, Siqueira WL, et al. Microsensor arrays for saliva diagnostics. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1098:389-400. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1384.031.
Arregger AL, Cardoso EM, Tumilasci O, Contreras LN. Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in end stage renal disease. Steroids. 2008;73(1):77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.09.001.
Malamud D, Rodriguez-Chavez IR. Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Dental clinics of North America. 2011;55(1):159-78.
Kaufman E, Lamst IB. The diagnostic applications of saliva-a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13(2):197-212.
Hershkovich O, Nagler RM. Biochemical analysis of saliva and taste acuity evaluation in patients with burning mouth syndrome, xerostomia and/or gustatory disturbances. Arch Oral Biol 2004;49(7):515-22. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.01.012.
Jyoti M, Lovleen S, Ramanpreet K, Anurag K, Anurag T. Saliva in forensics. World J Pharm Med Res. 2016,2(4):196-8.
Bader HI. Salivary diagnostics in medicine and dentistry: a review. Dent Today. 2011;30(8):46, 48, 50-1; quiz 52-3.
Casiglia J, Woo SB. A comprehensive review of oral cancer. Gen Dent. 2001;49(1):72-82.
Li Y, St. John MA, Zhou X, Kim Y, Sinha U, Jordan RC, et al. Salivary transcriptome diagnostics for oral cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(24):8442-50. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1167.
Lee Y-H, Wong DT. Saliva: An emerging biofluid for early detection of diseases. A Am J Dent. 2009;22(4):241-8.
Babu NC, Gomes AJ. Systemic manifestations of oral diseases. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2011;15(2):144-7. doi: 10.4103/0973-029X.84477.
Scannapieco FA. Periodontal inflammation: from gingivitis to systemic disease? Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2004;25(7 Suppl 1):16-25.
Loos BG, Craandijk J, Hoek FJ, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, van der Velden U. Elevation of systemic markers related to cardiovascular disease in the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients. J Periodontol. 2000; 71(10):1528-34. doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.10.1528.
Email this article (Login required) 
