Topical antibacterial agents are being widely used for the treatment and prevention of superficial skin infections. The most frequent problems with many of the topical agents are the rapidly development of resistant mutant strains of microorganisms and the possibility of appearance of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. This article emphasizes on their spectrum of activity, ressistance patterns, contact sensitivity potential and clinical uses.
Ahuja, R.B., A. Gupta, R. Gur A prospective double-blinded comparative analysis of framycetin and silver sulphadiazine as topical agents for burns: a pilot study. Burns, 2009, 5(5):672-6.
Biswas, S., K.K. Mondal, R.N. Dutta, D.K.Sarkar. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of four topical medications individually or in combi¬nation to treat grade I acne vulgaris. J. Indian. Med. Assoc., 2009, 107(4):219-22.
Bonomo, R.A., P.S. Van Zile, Q. Li, K.M. Shermock, etc. Topical triple-antibiotic ointment as a novel therapeutic choice in wound management and infection prevention: a practical perspective. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther., 2007, 5(5):773-82.
de Padua, C.A., A. Schnuch, K. Nink, A. Pfahlberg, W . Uter. Allergic contact dermatitis to topical drugs-epidemiological risk assessment. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug. Saf., 2008, 17(8):813-21.
Doughty, M.J., G.N. Dutton. Fusidic acid viscous eyedrops-an evaluation of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and clinical use for UK optometrists. Ophthalmic. Physiol. Opt., 2006, 26(4):343-61.
Dreno, B. Topical antibacterial therapy for acne vulgaris. Drugs, 2004, 64(21):2389-97.
Fuller, F.W. The side effects of silver sulfadiazine. J. Burn Care Res., 2009, 30(3):464-70.
Hsu, S., L.T. Quan. Topical antibacterial agents. In: Wolverton SE, (ed): Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2001, pp 472-496.
Jones, R.N., Q. Li, B. Kohut, D.J. Biedenbach, etc . Contemporary antimicrobial ac¬tivity of triple antibiotic ointment: a multiphased study of recent clinical isolates in the United States and Australia. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2006, 54(1):63-71.
Kida, N. Bactericidal and sporicidal activities of an improved iodide formulation and its derivative. Biocontrol. Sci., 2009, 14(3):113-8.
Miller, J.P., F. Acar, K.J. Burchiel. Significant reduction in stereotactic and functional neurosurgical hardware infection after local neomycin/polymyxin application. J. Neurosurg., 2009, 110(2):247-50.
Mitra, A., M. Mohanraj, M. Shah. High levels of fusidic acid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus de-spite restrictions on antibiotic use. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 2009, 34(2):136-9.
Neely, A.N., J. Gardner, P. Durkee, G.D. Warden, etc. Are topical antimicrobials effective against bacteria that are highly resistant to systemic antibiotics? J. Burn Care Res., 2009, 30(1):19-29.
Sheth, V.M., S. Weitzul. Postoperative topical antimicrobial use. Dermatitis, 2008, 19(4):181-9.
Spelman, D. Fusidic acid in skin and soft tissue in-fections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents., 1999, 12 Suppl, 2:S59-66.
Tirali, R.E., Y. Turan, N. Akal, Z.C. Karahan. In vitro antimicrobial activity of several concentrations of NaOCl and Octenisept in elimina¬tion of endodontic pathogens. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod., 2009, 108(5):e117-20.
van Rijen, M., M. Bonten, R. Wenzel, J. Kluytmans. Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2008, 4:CD006216.
Vejlstrup, E., T. Menne. Contact dermatitis from clindamycin. Contact Dermatitis., 1995, 32:110.
Yadegar, A., M. Sattari, N.A. Mozafari, G.R. Goudarzi. Prevalence of the genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and methicillin resistance among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Tehran, Iran. Microb. Drug. Resist., 2009, 15(2):109-13.
Zug, K.A., E.M. Warshaw, J.F. Fowler Jr, H.I. Maibach, etc. Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006. Dermatitis., 2009, 20(3):149-60.
act of carotid endarterectomy upon cognitive functioning.
A systematic review of the literature. CereKim JE, et al. Cognitive Dysfunction in Carotid Stenosis. Endovasc Dis 1999;9:74-81.
Heyer EJ, Adams DC, Solomon RA, Todd GJ, Quest DO, McMahon DJ, et al. Neuropsychometric changes in patients after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1998;29:1110-1115.
Ballard CG, Burton EJ, Barber R, Stephens S, Kenny RA , Kalaria RN , e t al . NINDS AIREN neuroimaging criteria do not distinguish stroke patients with and without dementia. Neurology 2004;63:983-988.
Pohjasvaara T, Erkinjuntti T, Vataja R, Kaste M. Dementia three months after stroke Baseline frequency and effect of different definitions of dementia in the Helsinki Stroke Aging Memory Study (SAM) cohort. Stroke 1997;28:785-792.
Iddon JL, Sahakian BJ, Kirkpatrick PJ. Uncomplicated carotid endarterectomy is not associated with neuropsychological impairment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997;56:781-787.
Email this article (Login required) 
