Emerging imaging modalities require urgently the use of physical anthropomorphic phantoms. They are used to design, test and evaluate the performance of the new forthcoming imaging systems, prior to their introduction into clinical practice. However, until recently, manufacturing of such phantoms was challenging due to limitations in the current technology, suitable materials, manufacturing precision, and size of digital
models. This paper presents the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing in the field of biomedical engineering. Specifically, the focus is on the development of anthropomorphic physical phantoms with characteristics suitable for use in x-ray imaging. The use of 3D printing in the educational process of engineers, doctors and physicists is also demonstrated.
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