Nonsurgical periodontal therapy addresses debriding the area of bacteria, endotoxins, and hard deposits from the root surface to restore gingival health.The instrumentation is focused on the root surface and most often accomplished through manual and power scaling. Nowadays lasers can alsobe used for root debridement.
Cobb CM, McCawley TK, Killoy WJ. A preliminary study on the effects of the Nd:YAG laser on root surfaces and subgingival microflora in vivo. J Periodontol. 1992;63(8):701-7. doi: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.8.701.
Ito K, Nishikata J, Murai S. Effects of Nd:YAG laser radiation on removal of a root surface smear layer after root planing: a scanning electron microscopic study. J Periodontol. 1993;64(6):547-52.doi: 10.1902/jop.1993.64.6.547.
Morlock BJ, Pippin DJ, Cobb CM, Killoy WJ, Rapley JW. The effect of Nd:YAG laser exposure on root surfaces when used as an adjunct to root planing: An in vitro study. J Periodontol. 1992;63(7):637-41.doi: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.7.637.
Liu CM, Shyu YC, Pei SC, Lan WH, Hou LT. In vitro effect of laser irradiation on cementum-bound endotoxin isolated from periodontally diseased roots. J Periodontol. 2002;73(11):1260-6.doi: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.11.1260.
Miyazaki A, Yamaguchi T, Nishikata J, Okuda K, Suda S, Orima K et all. Effects of Nd:YAG and CO2 laser treatment and ultrasonic scaling on periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis patients. J Periodontol. 2003;74(2):175-80.doi: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.2.175.
Radvar M, MacFarlane TW, MacKenzie D, Whitters CJ, Payne AP, Kinane DF. An evaluation of the Nd:YAG laser in periodontal pocket therapy. Br Dent J. 1996;180(2):57-62.doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4808976.
Sjöström L, Friskopp J. Laser treatment as an adjunct to debridement of periodontal pockets. Swed Dent J. 2002;26(2):51-7.
Tewfik HM, Garnick JJ, Schuster GS, Sharawy MM. Structural and functional changes of cementum surface following exposure to a modified Nd:YAG laser. J Periodontol. 1994;65(4):297-302.doi: 10.1902/jop.1994.65.4.297.
White JM, Fagan MC, Goodis HE. Intrapulpal temperatures during pulsed Nd:YAG laser treatment of dentin, in vitro. J Periodontol. 1994;65(3):255-9.doi: 10.1902/jop.1994.65.3.255.
Spencer P, Cobb CM, McCollum MH, Wieliczka DM. The effects of CO2 laser and Nd:YAG with and without water/air surface cooling on tooth root structure: correlation between FTIR spectroscopy and histology. J Periodontal Res. 1996;31(7):453-62.
Ting CC, Fukuda M, Watanabe T, Sanaoka A, Mitani A, Noguchi T. Morphological alterations of periodontal pocket epithelium following Nd:YAG laser irradiation. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(12):649-57.doi: 10.1089/pho.2014.3793.
Dilsiz A, Sevinc S. Trauma from instrumentation after non-surgical periodontal treatment with ultrasonic scalers and Nd:YAG laser. ActaOdontol Scand. 2015;73(2):144-9. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2014.961955.
Qadri T, Tunér J, Gustafsson A. Significance of scaling and root planing with and without adjunctive use of a water-cooled pulsed Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of periodontal inflammation. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(2):797-800.doi: 10.1007/s10103-013-1432-0.
Eltas A, Orbak R. Clinical effects of Nd:YAG laser applications during nonsurgical periodontal treatment in smoking and nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis. Photomed Laser Surg. 2012;30(7):360-6.doi: 10.1089/pho.2011.3184.
Eltas A, Orbak R. Effect of 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser therapy on GCF IL-1β and MMP-8 levels in patients with chronic periodontitis. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(3):543-50.doi: 10.1007/s10103-011-0939-5.
Qadri T, Javed F, Poddani P, Tunér J, Gustafsson A. Long-term effects of a single application of a water-cooled pulsed Nd:YAG laser in supplement to scaling and root planing in patients with periodontal inflammation. Lasers Med Sci. 2011;26(6):763-6.doi: 10.1007/s10103-010-0807-8.
Slot DE, Kranendonk AA, Van der Reijden WA, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Rosema NA, Schulein WH, et al. Adjunctive effect of a water-cooled Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. J ClinPeriodontol. 2011;38(5):470-8.doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01695.x.
Jensen J, Lulic M, Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Joss A, Lang NP. Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser for the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a pilot study. J InvestigClin Dent. 2010;1(1):16-22.doi: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2010.00009.x.
Liu CM, Hou LT, Wong MY, Lan WH. Comparison of Nd:YAG laser versus scaling and root planing in periodontal therapy. J Periodontol. 1999;70(11):1276-82.DOI: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.11.1276.
Miteva M, Peev S, Sabeva E, Hristov I. Clinical Evaluation of Nd:YAGlaser applications during nonsurgical periodontal treatment in patients with chronic periodontitis. Int J Sci Res (IJSR). 2017; 6(4):57 - 60.
Gómez C, Bisheimer M, Costela A, GarcÃa-Moreno I, GarcÃa A, GarcÃa JA. Evaluation of the effects of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers and ultrasonic instrumentation on root surfaces. Photomed Laser Surg. 2009;27(1):43-8.doi: 10.1089/pho.2008.2236.
Gómez C, Costela A, GarcÃa-Moreno I, GarcÃa JA. In vitro evaluation of Nd:YAG laser radiation at three different wavelengths (1064, 532, and 355 nm) on calculus removal in comparison with ultrasonic scaling. Photomed Laser Surg. 2006;24(3):366-76.doi: 10.1089/pho.2006.24.366.
Jeng JH, Chen KW, Lin CP, Chou HG, Lan WH. Ultrastructural changes of the tooth root surface by Nd:YAG laser irradiation followed by citric acid and tetracycline. J Formos Med Assoc. 1999;98(4):242-7.
Trylovich DJ, Cobb CM, Pippin DJ, Spencer P, Killoy WJ. The effects of the Nd:YAG laser on in vitro fibroblast attachment to endotoxin-treated root surfaces. J Periodontol. 1992;63(7):626-32.doi: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.7.626.
Spencer P, Trylovich DJ, Cobb CM. Chemical characterization of lased root surfaces using Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. J Periodontol. 1992;63(7):633-6.
Thomas D, Rapley J, Cobb C, Spencer P, Killoy W. Effects of the Nd:YAG laser and combined treatments on in vitro fibroblast attachment to root surfaces. J ClinPeriodontol. 1994;21(1):38-44.
GaÅ¡pirc B, Skalerič U. Morphology, chemical structure and diffusion processes of root surface after Er:YAG and Nd:YAG laser irradiation. J ClinPeriodontol.2001;28:508-516.
Wilder-Smith P, Arrastia AM, Schell MJ, Liaw LH, Grill G, Berns MW. Effect of Nd:YAG laser irradiation and root planing on the root surface: Structural and thermal effects. J Periodontol. 1995;66(12):1032-9.doi: 10.1902/jop.1995.66.12.1032.