Diabetic microangiopathy is a specific, generalized damage of microcirculation (arterioles, capillaries and venules). Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by progressive proteinuria and deterioration of renal function, expressed in a decrease in glomerular filtration rate. In recent years, diabetic kidney disease has taken first place among the causes of end-stage renal disease. The term diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is generally used to cover the spectrum of people with diabetes who have either albuminuria or reduced glomerular filtration rate. The risk of developing diabetic nephropathy (DN) varies between individuals and depends not only on the duration of diabetes mellitus, but is also influenced by other factors, such as glycemic control, blood pressure, and genetic predisposition. While most DN cases arise in type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 90% of global diabetes cases, it is often linked to arterial hypertension and heightened cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The main objective in managing diabetic nephropathy involves preventing the progression of microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria, delaying the decline in glomerular filtration rate, and preventing associated cardiovascular complications.
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