Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a 25-kDa protein primarily secreted by immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, with its production stimulated in response to inflammation. NGAL concentrations can be measured in plasma, urine, and other body fluids. It is mainly recognized as a biomarker of acute kidney injury and is released following tubular injury as well as during renal regeneration. NGAL levels are also elevated in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients and may serve as a predictor of renal function deterioration in those with renal failure. Additionally, NGAL plays a role in the diagnosis of liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular conditions. Elevated NGAL levels are also observed in obesity, diabetes, and metabolic complications, including insulin resistance. This review presents the current perspectives on NGAL and its role in kidney and liver diseases.
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