Among the traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), new ones are constantly being sought for timely prophylaxis and treatment. The increasing knowledge of the role of inflammation and visceral adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of T1DM complications is an integral part of the work of leading European centers. Obesity is a progressing risk factor and its role in the cardiovascular pathology of patients with T1DM is unclear. Lack of established practices and algorithms for management in these individuals has been poorly studied and presented to date. With prevalence of intensified insulin therapy in T1DM, leading sometimes to relatively high doses, and with the contemporary habits of eating, the patients’ risk of morbidity and mortality increases. Prioritization of cost-effective projects and specific timely commitment to protect disability in these patients is of utmost importance in scientific and healthcare aspects. The aim of this article is to present the design of the study of the cardiovascular and metabolic risk in patients with long-term T1DM.
IDF International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes Atlas 2017: www.diabetesatlas.org, ISBN: 978-2-930229-87-4
Conway B, Miller RG, Costacou T, et al. Adiposity and mortality in type 1 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009;33:796–805
Ferranti SD, Boer IH, Fonseca V, et al. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2843-2863
Moreno P, Murcia A, Palacios I, Leon M, Bernardi V, Fuster V, et al. Coronary composition and macrophage infiltration in atherectomy specimens from patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2000; 102: 2180–2184
Miller R, Secrest A, Sharma R, Songer T, Orchard T. Improvements in the life expectancy of type 1 diabetes: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study cohort. Diabetes 2012; 61: 2987–2992
Vistisen D, Andersen S, Stevns Hansen C, et al. Prediction of First Cardiovascular Disease Event in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus The Steno Type 1 Risk Engine. Circulation. 2016;133:1058-1066. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018844
Yuan Y, Sun H, Sun Z. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) increase renal lipid accumulation: a pathogenic factor of diabetic nephropathy (DN). 2017 Jun 28;16(1):126. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0522-6
Klenovics KS. Reference values of skin autofluorescence as an estimation of tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end products in a general Slovak population, Diabetic Med, 2014; 31:581–5
Lachin JM, Bebu I, Bergenstal RM, Pop-Busui R, Service FJ, Zinman B, Nathan DM; DCCT/EDIC Research Group Association of Glycemic Variability in Type 1 Diabetes With Progression of Microvascular Outcomes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2017 Jun; 40(6): 777-783. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2426.
Purnell JQ, Dev RK, Steffes MW, Cleary PA, Palmer JP, Hirsch IB, Hokanson JE, Brunzell JD. Relationship of family history of type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemia, and autoantibodies to weight gain and lipids with intensive and conventional therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes. 2003;52:2623–2629.
Konukoglu, D, Fırtına, S, Serin O. (2008). The relationship between plasma asymmetrical dimethyl-l-arginine and inflammation and adhesion molecule levels in subjects with normal, impaired, and diabetic glucose tolerance. Metabolism, 57(1), 110–115. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.08.013
Krzyanowska W, Mittermayer F, Krugluger W, Schnack C, Hofer M, Wolzt M, et al. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is associated with macrovascular disease and total homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189: 236-40.
Farrelly C, Shah S, Amir D, Aoife N. Keeling and James C. Carr. EXG-Gated Multiecho Dixon Fat-Wather Separation in Cardiac MRI: Advantages Over Conventional Fat-Saturated Imaging. doi/full/10.2214/AJR.11.7759
Mark R. Burge R. Philip Eaton. David S. Schade. The Role of a Coronary Artery Calcium Scan in Type 1 Diabetes. doi.org/10.1089/dia.2016.0110
Patterson C, G. Dahlquist, V. Harjutsalo, G. Joner, R.G. Feltbower, J. Svensson, E. Schober, E. Gyürüs, C. Castell, B. Urbonaité, J. Rosenbauer, V. Iotova, A.V. Thorsson, G. Soltész. Early mortality in EURODIAB population-based cohorts of type 1 diabetes diagnosed in childhood since 1989. Diabetologia 2007, 50(12): 2439-42, Sep 28; doi 10.1007/s00125-007-0824-8
Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000 May 6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240
Stirban A, Heinemann L. Skin Autofluorescence – A Non-invasive Measurement for Assessing Cardiovascular Risk and Risk of Diabetes. 2014, Aug 28. doi: 10.17925/EE.2014.10.02.106
Vistisen D, Andersen GS, Hansen SC, Adam H, Jan EH; Henning BN, Marit EJ. Prediction of First Cardiovascular Disease Event in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus The Steno Type 1 Risk Engine. doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.018844. Circulation. 2016;133:1058–1066