Background: Contemporary concepts consider obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as a heterogeneous disorder characterized by complex interactions among neuromuscular control, anatomical features, and individual patient phenotypes. The pathogenesis of OSA cannot be explained solely by abnormalities in respiratory physiology, as disease development results from a multifactorial interaction between structural and functional factors. Craniofacial morphology, dentoalveolar development, and orofacial functional characteristics represent significant determinants that influence the risk of disease development, underscoring the importance of dental professionals' involvement in the early identification of patients at increased risk.
Aim: The aim of this narrative review is to analyze the role of craniofacial characteristics and dental factors in the pathogenesis of OSA and to emphasize the significance of dental medicine within the multidisciplinary approach to risk assessment, diagnostic evaluation, and management of these patients.
Methods and Results: Current evidence indicates that specific craniofacial features are associated with reduced upper airway dimensions and increased airway collapsibility. These structural factors interact with functional mechanisms, including neuromuscular control and orofacial dynamics, contributing to distinct disease phenotypes. Consequently, dental professionals play a pivotal role in identifying high-risk patients, assessing craniofacial dysmorphism, and implementing therapeutic strategies, specifically oral appliance therapy in appropriately selected candidates.
Conclusion: OSA represents a complex disorder in which craniofacial and dental factors constitute a critical component of the pathogenic model. The integration of dental medicine into a multidisciplinary approach enables a more comprehensive patient assessment and supports the development of personalized strategies for diagnosis and treatment.
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