Inrtoduction: Current epidemiological data clearly indicate a steady rise in the incidence of malignant diseases. Although advances in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have improved treatment outcomes, overall cancer-related mortality continues to show an upward trend. For this reason, research in oncology must emphasize not only early detection and therapeutic interventions but also preventive strategies. One effective preventive approach is the management of oral preneoplastic conditions. Among these, leukoplakia is recognized as the most frequent precancerous lesion of the oral cavity and is frequently associated with enlargement of cervical lymph nodes.
Materials and Methods: This review synthesizes information obtained from an in-depth analysis of 56 peer-reviewed, full-text publications in English.
Discussion: Oral leukoplakia is clinically identified as a white mucosal lesion resulting from abnormal keratinization. It carries malignant potential and is defined by the World Health Organization as “a white plaque of questionable risk, excluding other conditions that are not associated with an elevated risk of cancer.” The etiology is complex, often multifactorial, and in many instances remains idiopathic. Clinically, leukoplakia is classified into homogeneous and non-homogeneous forms, which differ in their presentation and malignant potential. Given its prevalence and potential severity, optimal management requires collaboration within an interdisciplinary medical team. Monitoring for cervical lymphadenopathy should always include detailed clinical examination supported by imaging modalities. In cases where malignancy is suspected, fine-needle aspiration cytology should be performed, supplemented by incisional or excisional biopsy of suspicious nodes to confirm the diagnosis.
Conclusion: Recognizing the early manifestations of oral preneoplastic lesions, particularly leukoplakia, the most common entity, is of paramount importance. Early intervention not only reduces the likelihood of malignant transformation but also represents a vital step in minimizing the long-term impact of cancer.
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