Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, which leads to progressive atherosclerosis and failure of multiple internal organs, which in turn results in an early and severe disability. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the main microvascular complications of this disease. The article explores the usefulness of abdominal Doppler ultrasonography to validate the early changes of renal hemodynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Kaludina I, Nenchev N. Renal complications of diabetes mellitus. Nephrology 2016:350-8. (in Bulgarian).
Georgiev B. Diabetes mellitus and heart failure. Science Cardiology. 2010;6:282-292.(in Bulgarian).
Georgiev B, Gocheva N, Tankova C. Diabetic cardiomyopathy mechanisms and therapy. Science Endocrinology.2008;2: 64-6.
Douglas E, Pooler J. Vander's Renal Physiology. 8th edition. McGraw-Hill Medical;2011. p.7-9.
Galabov G, Vankov V. Human anatomy. Medicine and Physical Education;1986.p.325-32. (in Bulgarian).
Simeonov P.Diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Nephrology. Internal Medicine;336-8. (in Bulgarian).
Grigorov N.Abdominal Doppler ultrasonography. ZIP; 2010. p. 96-102. (in Bulgarian).
Nenov D. Nephrology handbook. Steno 2018.p. 43-59. (in Bulgarian).
Mancini M, Masulli M, Liuzzi R, Mainenti RP, Ragucci M, Maurea S,et al.Renal duplex sonographic evaluation of type 2 diabetic patients. J Ultrasound Med;32(6):1033-40.doi: 10.7863/ultra.32.6.1033.
Masulli M, Mancini M, Liuzzi R, Daniele S, Mainenti PP, Vergara E,et al. Measurement of the intrarenal arterial resistance index for the identification and prediction of diabetic nephropathy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19(5):358-64.doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.07.003.
Shirin M, Sharif MM, Gurung A, Datta A. Resistive index of intrarenal artery in evaluation of diabetic nephropathy. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2015;41(3):125-30.
Nejad MN, Jafari B, Alipour P. Arterial Resistive index (RI) in type ii diabetic nephropathy stages and healthy controls. Iran J Radiol. 2009;6(1):29-32.
Shaw M, Bhagat S, Panda BB, Nisa S, Das B, Panda A. Diabetic nephropathy: Ultrasound, color doppler and biochemical correlation- a 2-year study. JMSCR.2016;4(8):12025-34. doi: 10.18535/jmscr/v4i8.58.
Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y, Kawagishi T, Okuno Y, Kogawa K, Fukumoto S, et al. Intrarenal hemodynamic abnormalities in diabetic nephropathy measured by duplex Doppler sonography. Kidney Int. 1997;51(6):1920-74.
Youssef DM, Fawzy FM. Value of renal resistive index as an early marker of diabetic nephropathy in children with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl.2012; 23(5):985-92. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.100880.
Genov D, Kundurjiev A, Kostadinova A, Vutova C, Grozeva V. RI for the assessment of renal impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus. National Nephrology Conference;2017.
Thukral A,Mishra M, Srivastav V, Kumar H. Determinants of intravascular resistance in Indian diabetic nephropathy patients: a hospital-based study. Int J Vasc Med. 2011;2011:656030. doi: 10.1155/2011/656030.
Email this article (Login required) 
