Introduction: Circadian rhythms represent an endogenous biological system that regulates daily fluctuations in numerous physiological processes, including metabolism, hormonal secretion, sleep, and motor activity. Disruptions in circadian regulation are associated with an increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, there is growing interest in the role of physical activity as a factor capable of modulating the circadian system, as well as in the application of chronotherapeutic approaches in medicine, including physical and rehabilitation practice.
Aim: To analyze the interaction between circadian regulation and physical activity, as well as the role of chronotherapeutic approaches in optimizing therapeutic strategies in physical and rehabilitation medicine.
Materials and Methods: An analytical review of the current scientific literature was conducted, including experimental, clinical, and review studies focused on circadian regulation, physical activity, and chronotherapy. Data were analyzed regarding the molecular mechanisms of the circadian system, the influence of the timing of physical exercise on metabolic adaptations, and their application in rehabilitation practice.
Results: The data indicate that the timing of physical activity has a significant impact on metabolic processes, muscle performance, and recovery. Physical exercise can support the synchronization of the biological clock and act as a modulator of the circadian system. Time‑dependent differences are observed in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure, with chronotype influencing the physiological response to exercise. In rehabilitation medicine, the concept of “chrono‑rehabilitation” is emerging, in which therapeutic interventions are tailored to individual circadian characteristics to enhance their effectiveness.
Conclusion: Circadian regulation plays a key role in adaptation to physical exercise and recovery processes. Aligning the timing of physical activity with biological rhythms represents a promising approach for optimizing rehabilitation programs. Further clinical studies are needed to determine the optimal timing parameters and to implement chronotherapeutic strategies in practice.
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