Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as a condition of hyperglycemia first detected in pregnancy. It is the most common metabolic pregnancy complication and affects approximately 16.5% of pregnancies worldwide. The trend is that the percentage of pregnancies with GDM is increasing in connection with the growing epidemic of obesity. Many risk factors, including excessive weight gain, gestational age, and genetic background, contribute to the development of the disease. Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is associated with a variety of adverse complications for both pregnant women and their offspring, occurring during pregnancy, delivery, and later in life. A deeper knowledge of the risk factors and pathogenesis of GDM would potentially increase the possibilities of disease prevention.
Many studies in the field suggest a link between reduced intake of certain nutrients, such as vitamin D and vitamin B12, and the increased risk of GDM. Low serum concentrations of vitamin D and vitamin B12 are common during pregnancy. Pathological mechanisms explaining the presence or absence of dependencies between vitamin deficiency and the development of GDМ are still poorly understood and are explored in this review article.
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