Malignant tumors are diseases that, with their characteristics and biological behavior, including an unfavorable outcome of the disease, represent a serious social, economic, and psychological problem for a significant part of the population in the world. The fatal outcome is most often associated with recurrence or tumor metastases. With a diagnostic purpose and based on the defined mandatory morphological prognostic and predictive parameters, attention is increasingly focused on the search for new markers involved in the processes of angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which could help unravel tumor biology. These markers are of interest in different types of carcinomas, including urothelial cancer, which, although favorable in the early stages of its development, carries a high risk of recurrence and progression. Markers can originate either from the tumor parenchyma or from the tumor stroma. The identification and practical use of more precise immunohistochemical markers originating from the tumor parenchyma in urothelial cancer, in combination with the morphological characteristics of the tumor and the differentiation and staging of the tumor process, makes it possible to refine the diagnosis and, if possible, to determine the prognosis of the patients. CK20 has been widely discussed in the literature, yet there are conflicting data on CK20 expression in relation to differentiation, staging, and recurrence in urothelial neoplasms. Further studies are needed to determine CK20 as a predictive and prognostic marker in urothelial neoplasms. A review of the literature shows differences in studies on CD10 in terms of differentiation, stage, and prognosis. The relation of CD10 expression to the development of tumor recurrence has not been described in medical literature. In 2007, GATA3 was proposed to be a novel marker of urothelial differentiation, which helps to distinguish metastatic lesions. A reliable marker discussed in the literature is gp130, which may appear as a reliable predictive and prognostic marker in urothelial carcinoma.
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