Cell membranes are ‘said’ to consist of membrane proteins and lipids, and to execute the following functions: (1) maintenance and control of internal ion and solute composition by means of ion pumping establishing a steady-state non-equilibrium bioenergetics, (2) trans-membrane transport (passive and active, the latter by ion pumping and coupled transport), (3) generation of a membrane potential by electrogenic ion pumping, (4) cell volume control through van ‘t Hoff osmosis, (5) chemiosmosis in prokaryotic, inner mitochondrial and thylacoid membranes, (6) signal recognition and transduction by receptors, associated enzymes and elements from cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix/cell wall, (7) functional attachment of these and other structures, (8) exocytosis and endocytosis . The general physiological model underlying functions 1 to 5, known as ‘membrane-pump theory’ (MPT) is unequivocally falsified and must be replaced by other fundamentals. The primary roles of two ‘forgotten’ substances, water and O2, disclose an entirely new understanding of membranes and of the fluid they encapsulate. The proclaimed membrane functions 1, 2 and 4 appear to be mainly executed by the colloid structure of the macromolecule-matrix inside. Functions 2, 3 and 5 involve an interaction of the cell’s reducing interior with O2 entering the cell and starting a radical-based ‘burning process’ with physiological functions for diffusible ROS at low concentrations (murburn concept: MURed BURNing), which energize the membrane. Biomed Rev 2025; 36: 45-84
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