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Therapeutic roles of antioxidant and nutraceuticals in the prevention and management of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review

Shubhangi Gupta, Avinash Shenoy, Vinay Chaudhari, Harpal S. Buttar, Meena Chintamaneni, Ginpreet Kaur

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has emerged as a serious and challenging neurological disorder in the ageing population worldwide. The progressive decline of mental health in AD patients causes memory loss, cognition decline, and motor impairment, which impacts adversely on the quality of life of afflicted individuls. Health care costs of mental diseases, dementia and AD are escalating globally, because the AD patients need continuous attention either by the family members or by the health care providers. Also, pharmaceutical treatment and hospital cost of AD is very expensive for the society. Therefore,  there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective, affordable, and safe alternative remedies for the prevention/mitigation and management of AD. Plant-derived anti-oxidant/anti-inflammation macromolecules (e.g., curcumin, genistein, melatonin, resveratrol, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, berberine) and nutraceuticals (Gingko Biloba) appear to be the safer and cost-effective promising options for the prevention/progression and management of AD patients. The underlying causes and pathological mechanisms of AD are multiple and complex, which include genetic, epigenetic, non-genetic and environmental risk factors. Lifestyle aspects (e.g., excessive tobacco smoking and alcohol abuse), unhealthy dietary habits, accumulation of heavy metals (arsenic, lead, cobalt, mercury) in CNS, and chronic viral infections are considered some other risk factors in memory loss and AD. Brain has relatively low levels of antioxidants and low repair capacity of neuronal cells. Reduced blood supply and impaired mitochondria promote lesser ATP synthesis and energy support in the brain. Many studies have suggested that excessive oxidative stress in the brain leads to the overproduction of free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) from mitochondrial damage and reduction of ATP synthesis. The unabated over production of ROS/RNS cause insults to brain lipids by intiating lipid peroxidation and damage to cellular molecules, resulting in pathological injury and neuronal death. Antioxidant and anti-inflammation phytomolecules, dietary flavonoids, and nutraceuticals have gained significant importance for scavenging the free radicals and producing neuro-protective and memory-enhancing effects. Systematic searches were done using PUBMED, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Web of Science databases. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that dietary antioxidant/anti-inflammation flavonoids, micronutrients (vitamins, trace metals, amino acids), and plant-derived polyphenols synergistically exhibit neuroprotective activity in AD animal models by stimulating transcription of the endogenous antioxidant system in the brain. The aims and objectives of this review are to recapitulate the current knowledge about the pathophysiology of AD and to shed light on the therapeutic strategies being used for slowing down the progression of dementia and cognitive decline.  We will also provide an overview of the proposed underlying mechanisms of different neutraceuticals and their recommended dosages in the prevention/mitigation of AD along with a summary of the antioxidant/anti-inflammation ingredients present in patented formulations.

Keywords

Alzheimer’s disease, oxidative stress, dementia, cognition decline, nutraceuticals, phytotherapies, polyphenolic nutrients, antioxidant and anti-inflammation diets

Full Text


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14748/bmr.v32.8496

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About The Authors

Shubhangi Gupta
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S NMIMS,Vileparle-West, Mumbai-56, India
India

Avinash Shenoy
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S NMIMS,Vileparle-West, Mumbai-56, India
India

Vinay Chaudhari
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S NMIMS,Vileparle-West, Mumbai-56, India
India

Harpal S. Buttar
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Canada

Meena Chintamaneni
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S NMIMS,Vileparle-West, Mumbai-56, India
India

Ginpreet Kaur
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S NMIMS,Vileparle-West, Mumbai-56, India
India

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